Epidemiology

 

Epidemiology is the study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states or events in specified populations, and the application of this study to the control of health problems. There are other definitions, but this is one we like. Three Greek word roots make up the word epidemiology -- epi, demos, and logos. Epi means upon, on or over. Demos means people or populace. And logos can mean study, word, discourse, count, tell, say, or speak. Therefore epidemiology is also the study of what is upon the people, discourse about what is upon the people, or counting what is upon the people.

The practice of epidemiology can also be viewed as a community health problem solving process. The epidemiological process parallels the steps in processes familiar to health professions, like the diagnostic process, the nursing process, the scientific process and the quality improvement process, especially if one sees the target process outcome as improving the health of specified populations vs. an individual. Consider these cyclical processes (albeit oversimplified) with different names but similar steps.

 

The Problem Solving Process:

Identify the problem and possible contributing factors

Make a list of solutions and choose one

Implement the solution

See if it worked

The Diagnostic Process:

List the symptoms

Perform a physical examination; order tests

Identify possible diagnoses and choose one (sometimes more than one)

Implement a treatment

See if it worked

The Nursing Process:

Assess

Diagnose

Evaluate

Plan

Implement

The Scientific Process:

Identify a question that needs an answer

Pose a hypothesis; a guess (with some thought behind it) about why or how something occurs

Design a study method; collect data/information

Analyze the data; test the hypothesis

See if it will work again

The Quality Improvement Cycle:

Identify a problem/issue

Collect data/information; analyze the data

Determine a desired outcome or result (benchmark)

Design interventions to achieve the result

Collect data again

See if it worked

Public Health Intervention:

Identify a condition (with possible positive or negative consequences) that you want to either change or reinforce

Collect data and analyze data

Determine a desired outcome or result

List appropriate interventions; make a selection

Implement the program

Collect data again

See if it worked

Surveillance:

Identify what and who you want to watch and/or monitor

Determine where and how to collect data

Analyze the data

Create a report and disseminate the information

Thinking through the similarities of the steps outlined in the processes above and how epidemiology is a combination of both Public Health Intervention and Surveillance, it also makes sense to define epidemiology as a community health problem solving process. The USET Tribal Epidemiology Center is here to assist the Nashville Area AI/AN communities cycle through their community health problem solving processes. Please give us a call!