DATA INTERPRETATION AND USAGE
The data in this report
is presented using maps that show the spatial distribution of indicator
proportions over the survey area. Each is accompanied by a histogram that shows
the distribution of estimates of indicator proportions in each of the sampled communities.
Additional information is presented in tables for some indicators. Data from
the qualitative plug-in is integrated into the text and presented in text
boxes.
Presenting the data in
map form allows the Periodic Review to identify areas of highest need and can
be used to inform strategic programming decisions. The first round of the
Periodic Review may also be seen as providing a baseline against which progress
will be measured by examining changes in indicators between survey rounds.
WHAT IS AN INDICATOR?
For the purposes of the
Periodic Review, an ‘indicator’ is a characteristic that varies across
different people, households and communities being surveyed and which can be
measured. Measurements may be collected by questionnaire survey or using simple
and rapid techniques such as observation or physical measurement by surveyors.
Indicators are usually
answers to simple yes / no questions. An indicator may be the answer to a
single question or it may be derived from a set of answers to questions that
are combined using logic of varying complexity. For example, the definition of
the indicator for ‘exclusive breastfeeding’ used in the Periodic Review is
derived from a combination of four variables: the age of the child; they are
breastfed; they take solid or puréed food; and they take fluids other than
breast milk.
These are combined using
the following logic:
If the child is: aged
six months or younger; the child is breastfed; and the child does not take
solid or puréed food; and does not take fluids other than breast milk - then
the child is ‘exclusively breastfed’.
The variables and logic
used to create a definition of an indicator are called the criterion of the
indicator. This is the characteristic that the indicator is intended to
reflect. In some contexts, indicators may be associated with a standard that
specifies a threshold.
For some indicators, the
Periodic Review can be seen as a needs assessment, and for others a performance
assessment.
WHAT IS SPATIAL SAMPLING?
The use of a grid sample
means that communities surveyed are roughly the same distance apart. Spatial
sampling was used because the assumption that the results for an indicator
would be similar across the entire survey area (spatial homogeneity) was
considered to be an unrealistic representation of the true situation.
The impact of a cyclone
varies dramatically depending on the strength and duration of the storm in a
particular location, whether areas were affected by high winds and/or the storm
surge, as well as the geography of the area exposed to the storm. For the same
reason, spatial sampling was used for the VTA. Spatial heterogeneity is also
the reason why summary statistics for the entire survey sample are not
presented, as these are often misleading when there is considerable spatial
diversity.
The Periodic Review used
a nearly even first-stage spatial sample to select communities and a
representative second-stage sample to select households within the selected
communities. This approach differs from population-based approaches that seek
to give each person in the survey area an equal chance of being surveyed and
thereby bias the distribution towards towns and more populated areas. By using
a spatial sampling technique and a representative second stage sample, analysis
across geographic areas can be used and presented in maps.
HOW DO I READ THE MAPS AND HISTOGRAMS?
Each indicator is mapped
across the survey area and is presented in a figure that includes a map and a
histogram. The colours on the map represent estimated proportions of households
or, in some cases, individuals meeting the criteria associated with a given
indicator which is given in the title of the map and explained in the
associated text. The colours used on these maps are consistent with red always
representing the poorest result and dark green representing the best result. A
gradation of orange, light green and yellow represent values between the
extremes of the collected data.
The legend at the bottom
right of the map shows the highest and lowest of the indicator ranges. These
are most often 0 and 100 per cent, but the range is restricted for some
indicators (e.g. the incidence of global acute under nutrition).
Each map is accompanied
by a histogram which shows the distribution of the estimated proportions of
households or, in some cases, individuals meeting the criterion associated with
a given indicator in each of the sampled communities. Additional graphs are
provided for some indicators (e.g. reasons for non-attendance at school). These
graphs present supplementary information that can assist in interpretation of
the data.
WHAT IS IN THE TEXT BOXES?
The text boxes contain
stories collected from the qualitative interviews with vulnerable households.
They were selected to illustrate how the situation presented using maps and
graphs is being experienced by individuals in the affected communities.
For each extract used, the full text from which it was
selected is available in the Qualitative Results annex. The names of people and
places given in this report are fictional and were changed to protect the
anonymity of the interviewees.
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